1. International Standard (ISO)

• Full Name: International Organization for Standardization
• Core Standard Numbers & Corresponding Products:
  • ISO 4762: Cross recessed pan head screws (general-purpose fastening for electronics, furniture)
  • ISO 8408: Hexagon socket head cap screws (high-precision industrial applications)
  • ISO 1207: Cross recessed countersunk head screws (flush-mounted fastening)
  • ISO 898-1: High-strength carbon steel bolts/screws (performance grades 4.8–12.9)
  • ISO 3506: Stainless steel screws (grades A2-70, A4-80 for corrosion resistance)
• Key Features: Metric thread (M+diameter+pitch, e.g., M5×0.8), globally recognized, and widely adopted as the baseline for cross-border trade.
• Application Scenarios: International markets (Europe, Southeast Asia, South America), Alibaba International Station product standardization, and multi-region compatible orders.

2. Chinese National Standard (GB/T)

• Full Name: Guobiao (Chinese National Standard)
• Core Standard Numbers & Corresponding Products:
  • GB/T 818: Cross recessed pan head tapping screws (domestic general-purpose fastening)
  • GB/T 70.1: Hexagon socket head cap bolts (equivalent to ISO 4762)
  • GB/T 100-2000: Countersunk head bolts with tenon (construction and machinery)
  • GB/T 3098.1: Carbon steel fasteners—mechanical properties (consistent with ISO 898-1)
  • GB/T 3098.6: Stainless steel fasteners—mechanical properties (equivalent to ISO 3506)
• Key Features: Metric thread, aligned with ISO standards for most specifications (with minor dimensional tolerances).
• Application Scenarios: Domestic production and sales, exports to Hong Kong (China), Macao (China), and Southeast Asian markets (Vietnam, Thailand) accepting Chinese standards. For foreign trade, label ISO equivalent numbers (e.g., "GB/T 70.1 ≡ ISO 4762") to enhance buyer trust.

3. American Standard (ANSI/ASME)

• Full Name: American National Standards Institute / American Society of Mechanical Engineers
• Core Standard Numbers & Corresponding Products:
  • ANSI B18.6.3: Cross recessed pan head wood screws (wooden structure fastening)
  • ANSI B18.3: Hexagon socket set screws with flat point (component positioning)
  • ASME B18.2.1: Hex head bolts (heavy-duty industrial applications)
  • ASTM A307: Low-carbon steel bolts (performance grade A for general use)
  • ASTM A490: High-strength structural bolts (corrosion-resistant coated)
• Key Features: Imperial thread (UNC/UNF/UNEF, e.g., 1/4-20 UNC: 1/4-inch diameter, 20 coarse threads per inch), imperial units (inches), and tailored for North American manufacturing standards.
• Application Scenarios: Exports to North America (US, Canada, Mexico), matching North American-origin equipment (automotive, machinery, construction), and compliance with FDA (food equipment) or ASTM material requirements.

4. European Norm (EN)

• Full Name: European Norm
• Core Standard Numbers & Corresponding Products:
  • EN ISO 4762: Cross recessed pan head screws (adopted directly from ISO for EU unification)
  • EN 14399: High-strength structural bolts (for building steel structures, CE certified)
  • EN 912: Hexagon socket screws (precision industrial use, compatible with ISO 8408)
  • EN 1090: Fasteners for structural steelwork (compliant with EU Machinery Directive MD 2006/42/EC)
• Key Features: Predominantly metric thread, fully aligned with ISO standards, and mandatory CE certification for EU market access.
• Application Scenarios: Exports to EU member states (Germany, France, Italy), industrial machinery, and construction projects requiring REACH compliance (restriction of hazardous substances).

5. Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS)

• Full Name: Japanese Industrial Standards
• Core Standard Numbers & Corresponding Products:
  • JIS B 1111: Cross recessed pan head screws (general-purpose in Japanese equipment)
  • JIS B 1176: Hexagon socket head cap bolts (equivalent to ISO 8408)
  • JIS B 1112: Small cross recessed screws (precision electronics)
  • JIS G 3101: Carbon steel fasteners (material standard for industrial use)
• Key Features: Metric thread (mainstream), high dimensional accuracy, and compatibility with Japanese-manufactured machinery.
• Application Scenarios: Exports to Japan, South Korea, and Southeast Asian markets with high Japanese-invested enterprises (Malaysia, Indonesia), and matching 日系 (Japanese-style) equipment.

Supplementary Notes for Foreign Trade

• Standard Equivalence: Many national standards are equivalent to ISO (e.g., GB/T 70.1 ≡ ISO 4762, EN ISO 4762 = ISO 4762). Clearly state these equivalences in product descriptions to reduce cross-border communication barriers.
• Thread Specification Clarity: For ANSI/ASME standards, explicitly mark imperial thread details (e.g., "1/2-13 UNC"); for ISO/GB/EN/JIS, use metric notation (e.g., "M6×1.0").
• Compliance Alignment: Ensure standards meet regional regulations (e.g., REACH for the EU, ASTM for the US, RoHS for electronic accessories) to avoid customs clearance issues.